HUMANITIES 101 SEGMENT 2

JAMES WATT
James Watt was a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer whose improvements to the Newcomer were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both the Kingdom of Great Britain and the world.
While working as an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow, Watt became interested in the technology of steam engines. He realized that contemporary engine designs wasted a great deal of energy by repeatedly cooling and re-heating the cylinder. Watt introduced a design enhancement, the separate condenser, which avoided this waste of energy and radically improved the power, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of steam engines. He developed the concept of horsepower. The SI unit of power, the watt, was named after him.
Watt attempted to commercialize his invention, but experienced great financial difficulties until in 1775 he entered a partnership with Matthew Boulton. The new firm of Boulton and Watt was eventually highly successful and Watt became a wealthy man. In retirement, Watt continued to develop new inventions though none were as significant as his steam engine work. He died in 1819 at the age of 83. Watt has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history.

MARTIN LUTHER
Martin Luther was a German priest and professor of theology who initiated the Protestant Reformation. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money.
Luther taught that salvation is not earned by good deeds but received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin. theology challenged the authority of the pope of the Roman Catholic Church by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood. Those who identify with Luther's teachings are called Lutherans.
His translation of the Bible into the language of the people made it more accessible, causing a tremendous impact on the church and on German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation and influenced the translation into English of the King James Bible. His hymns influenced the development of singing in churches. His marriage to Katharina von Bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage, allowing Protestant priests to marry.
In his later years, while suffering from several illnesses and worsening health, Luther became increasingly anti-Semitic, writing that Jewish homes should be destroyed, their synagogues burned, money take away and liberty reduced. These statements have contributed to his controversial status.

REIGN OF TERROR
Reign of Terror lasted from September 1793 until the fall of Robespierre in 1794. Its purpose was to clean France of enemies of the Revolution and protect the country from foreign invaders. From January 1793-July 1794, France was governed by the Committee of Public Safety, in which Danton and Robespierre were influential members. In the course of nine months, 16, 000 people were put to death, but executions of those labeled "internal enemies" of France took place throughout the country.
During this time there was a shift in power within the committee from Danton to Robespierre. Danton had a strong physical presence and was an incredible public speaker, while Robespierre was less passionate. However, Robespierre was a hard worker who was very ambitious. He blindly believed in the work of Rousseau, who argued that men are all born good at heart and are corrupted by society. It was these beliefs that caused him to continue the Terror even when it was no longer necessary.
In 1794, the armies of France were very successful against their enemies, which meant that the Terror was no longer necessary. But Robespierre continued the Terror because he wanted to purge France of everyone who was corrupt. The killing ended when Robespierre was executed on July 28, 1794.


Medieval university
Medieval sity is an institution of higher learning which was established during High Middle Ages period and is a corporation. The first institutions generally considered to be universities were established in Italy, France, and England in the late 11th and the 12th centuries for the study of arts, law, medicine, and theology. These universities evolved from much older Christian cathedral schools and monastic schools, and it is difficult to define the date at which they became true universities.
Prior to their formal establishment, many medieval universities were run for hundreds of years as Christian cathedral or monastic schools in which monks and nuns taught classes. With the increasing growth and urbanization of European society during the 12th and 13th centuries, a demand grew for professional clergy.
Initially medieval universities did not have a campus. Classes were taught wherever space was available, such as churches and homes. Soon, however, some universities began to buy or rent rooms specifically for the purposes of teaching. Universities were generally structured along three types, depending on who paid the teachers. The first type was in Bologna, where students hired and paid for the teachers. The second type was in Paris, where teachers were paid by the church. Oxford and Cambridge were predominantly supported by the crown and the state. At the Bologna University the students ran everything—a fact that often put teachers under great pressure and disadvantage. In Paris, teachers ran the school; thus Paris became the premiere spot for teachers from all over Europe. University studies took six years for a Bachelor's degree and up to twelve additional years for a master's degree and doctorate. Courses were offered according to books, not by subject or theme. Students entered the University at fourteen to fifteen years of age. Classes usually started at 5:00 or 6:00 AM.
Treaty of Versailles
There were many peace treaties signed at the end of the World War I. One of them was the treaty of Versailles. It was with this treaty that the war between Germany and the Allied Power ended. For the other powers involved in the war on the side of Germany, different treaties were signed. The war actually ended on 11th November 1918 after the signing of the armistice. The negotiations took as long as 6 months. It was Paris Peace Conference, which did the negotiations. This brings us to the question, who signed the treaty of Versailles. It was the Foreign Minister of Germany Herr. Hermann Muller. The Colonial Minister Herr. Johannes Bell who traveled with the Foreign Minister to Versailles to sign the treaty. The other treaty of Versailles signatories were the British Empire, France, Italy, Japan and the United States of America.
The main terms of the Versailles Treaty were:

(1) the surrender of all German colonies as League of Nations mandates;

(2) the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France;

(3) cession of Eupen-Malmedy to Belgium, Memel to Lithuania, the Hultschin district to Czechoslovakia,

(4) Poznania, parts of East Prussia and Upper Silesia to Poland;

(5) Danzig to become a free city;

(6) plebiscites to be held in northern Schleswig to settle the Danish-German frontier;

(7) occupation and special status for the Saar under French control; (8) demilitarization and a fifteen-year occupation of the Rhineland;

(9) German reparations of £6,600 million;

(10) a ban on the union of Germany and Austria;

(11) an acceptance of Germany's guilt in causing the war;

(11) provision for the trial of the former Kaiser and other war leaders;

(12) limitation of Germany's army to 100,000 men with no conscription, no tanks, no heavy artillery, no poison-gas supplies, no aircraft and no airships;

(13) the limitation of the German Navy to vessels under 100,000 tons, with no submarines;






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